\[\begin{split}\newcommand{\as}{\kw{as}} \newcommand{\case}{\kw{case}} \newcommand{\cons}{\textsf{cons}} \newcommand{\consf}{\textsf{consf}} \newcommand{\emptyf}{\textsf{emptyf}} \newcommand{\End}{\kw{End}} \newcommand{\kwend}{\kw{end}} \newcommand{\even}{\textsf{even}} \newcommand{\evenO}{\textsf{even}_\textsf{O}} \newcommand{\evenS}{\textsf{even}_\textsf{S}} \newcommand{\Fix}{\kw{Fix}} \newcommand{\fix}{\kw{fix}} \newcommand{\for}{\textsf{for}} \newcommand{\forest}{\textsf{forest}} \newcommand{\Functor}{\kw{Functor}} \newcommand{\In}{\kw{in}} \newcommand{\ind}[3]{\kw{Ind}~[#1]\left(#2\mathrm{~:=~}#3\right)} \newcommand{\Indp}[4]{\kw{Ind}_{#4}[#1](#2:=#3)} \newcommand{\Indpstr}[5]{\kw{Ind}_{#4}[#1](#2:=#3)/{#5}} \newcommand{\injective}{\kw{injective}} \newcommand{\kw}[1]{\textsf{#1}} \newcommand{\length}{\textsf{length}} \newcommand{\letin}[3]{\kw{let}~#1:=#2~\kw{in}~#3} \newcommand{\List}{\textsf{list}} \newcommand{\lra}{\longrightarrow} \newcommand{\Match}{\kw{match}} \newcommand{\Mod}[3]{{\kw{Mod}}({#1}:{#2}\,\zeroone{:={#3}})} \newcommand{\ModImp}[3]{{\kw{Mod}}({#1}:{#2}:={#3})} \newcommand{\ModA}[2]{{\kw{ModA}}({#1}=={#2})} \newcommand{\ModS}[2]{{\kw{Mod}}({#1}:{#2})} \newcommand{\ModType}[2]{{\kw{ModType}}({#1}:={#2})} \newcommand{\mto}{.\;} \newcommand{\nat}{\textsf{nat}} \newcommand{\Nil}{\textsf{nil}} \newcommand{\nilhl}{\textsf{nil\_hl}} \newcommand{\nO}{\textsf{O}} \newcommand{\node}{\textsf{node}} \newcommand{\nS}{\textsf{S}} \newcommand{\odd}{\textsf{odd}} \newcommand{\oddS}{\textsf{odd}_\textsf{S}} \newcommand{\ovl}[1]{\overline{#1}} \newcommand{\Pair}{\textsf{pair}} \newcommand{\plus}{\mathsf{plus}} \newcommand{\SProp}{\textsf{SProp}} \newcommand{\Prop}{\textsf{Prop}} \newcommand{\return}{\kw{return}} \newcommand{\Set}{\textsf{Set}} \newcommand{\Sort}{\mathcal{S}} \newcommand{\Str}{\textsf{Stream}} \newcommand{\Struct}{\kw{Struct}} \newcommand{\subst}[3]{#1\{#2/#3\}} \newcommand{\tl}{\textsf{tl}} \newcommand{\tree}{\textsf{tree}} \newcommand{\trii}{\triangleright_\iota} \newcommand{\Type}{\textsf{Type}} \newcommand{\WEV}[3]{\mbox{$#1[] \vdash #2 \lra #3$}} \newcommand{\WEVT}[3]{\mbox{$#1[] \vdash #2 \lra$}\\ \mbox{$ #3$}} \newcommand{\WF}[2]{{\mathcal{W\!F}}(#1)[#2]} \newcommand{\WFE}[1]{\WF{E}{#1}} \newcommand{\WFT}[2]{#1[] \vdash {\mathcal{W\!F}}(#2)} \newcommand{\WFTWOLINES}[2]{{\mathcal{W\!F}}\begin{array}{l}(#1)\\\mbox{}[{#2}]\end{array}} \newcommand{\with}{\kw{with}} \newcommand{\WS}[3]{#1[] \vdash #2 <: #3} \newcommand{\WSE}[2]{\WS{E}{#1}{#2}} \newcommand{\WT}[4]{#1[#2] \vdash #3 : #4} \newcommand{\WTE}[3]{\WT{E}{#1}{#2}{#3}} \newcommand{\WTEG}[2]{\WTE{\Gamma}{#1}{#2}} \newcommand{\WTM}[3]{\WT{#1}{}{#2}{#3}} \newcommand{\zeroone}[1]{[{#1}]} \end{split}\]

Typeclasses¶

Typeclasses are types whose values Coq can automatically infer by using user declared instances. It allows for a form of programmatic proof or term search.

This chapter presents a quick reference of the commands related to typeclasses. Additional helpful information can be found in the paper introducing typeclasses to Coq [SO08] and the literature on type classes in Haskell.

Typeclass and instance declarations¶

The syntax for typeclasses and instance declarations is the same as the record syntax of Coq:

Class classname (p1 : t1) ⋯ (pn : tn) [: sort] := { f1 : u1 ; ⋯ ; fm : um }. Instance instancename q1 ⋯ qm : classname p1 ⋯ pn := { f1 := t1 ; ⋯ ; fm := tm }.

The pi : ti variables are called the parameters of the typeclass and the fi : ti are called the methods. Each typeclass definition gives rise to a corresponding record declaration and each instance is a regular definition whose name is given by instancename and type is an instantiation of the record type.

We’ll use the following example typeclass in the rest of the chapter:

Class EqDec (A : Type) := { eqb : A -> A -> bool ; eqb_leibniz : forall x y, eqb x y = true -> x = y }.: EqDec is defined eqb is defined eqb_leibniz is defined

This typeclass implements a boolean equality test which is compatible with Leibniz equality on some type. An example implementation is:

Instance unit_EqDec : EqDec unit := { eqb x y := true ; eqb_leibniz x y H := match x, y return x = y with | tt, tt => eq_refl tt end }.: unit_EqDec is defined

Using the refine attribute, if the term is not sufficient to finish the definition (e.g. due to a missing field or non-inferable hole) it must be finished in proof mode. If it is sufficient a trivial proof mode with no open goals is started.

#[refine] Instance unit_EqDec' : EqDec unit := { eqb x y := true }.: 1 goal ============================ forall x y : unit, true = true -> x = y
Proof. intros [] [];reflexivity. Defined.: No more goals.

Note that if you finish the proof with Qed the entire instance will be opaque, including the fields given in the initial term.

Alternatively, in Program Mode if one does not give all the members in the Instance declaration, Coq generates obligations for the remaining fields, e.g.:

Require Import Program.Tactics.
Program Instance eq_bool : EqDec bool := { eqb x y := if x then y else negb y }.: eq_bool has type-checked, generating 1 obligation Solving obligations automatically... 1 obligation remaining Obligation 1 of eq_bool: (forall x y : bool, (fun x0 y0 : bool => if x0 then y0 else negb y0) x y = true -> x = y).

Next Obligation.: 1 goal x, y : bool H : (if x then y else negb y) = true ============================ x = y
destruct x ; destruct y ; (discriminate || reflexivity).: No more goals.
Defined.

One has to take care that the transparency of every field is determined by the transparency of the Instance proof. One can use alternatively the program attribute to get richer facilities for dealing with obligations.

Binding typeclasses¶

Once a typeclass is declared, one can use it in typeclass binders:

Definition neqb {A} {eqa : EqDec A} (x y : A) := negb (eqb x y).: neqb is defined

When one calls a typeclass method, a constraint is generated that is satisfied only in contexts where the appropriate instances can be found. In the example above, a constraint EqDec A is generated and satisfied by eqa : EqDec A. In case no satisfying constraint can be found, an error is raised:

Fail Definition neqb' (A : Type) (x y : A) := negb (eqb x y).: The command has indeed failed with message: The following term contains unresolved implicit arguments: (fun (A : Type) (x y : A) => negb (eqb x y)) More precisely: - ?EqDec: Cannot infer the implicit parameter EqDec of eqb whose type is "EqDec A" (no type class instance found) in environment: A : Type x, y : A

The algorithm used to solve constraints is a variant of the eauto tactic that does proof search with a set of lemmas (the instances). It will use local hypotheses as well as declared lemmas in the typeclass_instances database. Hence the example can also be written:

Definition neqb' A (eqa : EqDec A) (x y : A) := negb (eqb x y).: neqb' is defined

However, the generalizing binders should be used instead as they have particular support for typeclasses:

They automatically set the maximally implicit status for typeclass arguments, making derived functions as easy to use as typeclass methods. In the example above, A and eqa should be set maximally implicit.
They support implicit quantification on partially applied typeclasses (Implicit generalization). Any argument not given as part of a typeclass binder will be automatically generalized.
They also support implicit quantification on Superclasses.

Following the previous example, one can write:

Generalizable Variables A B C.
Definition neqb_implicit `{eqa : EqDec A} (x y : A) := negb (eqb x y).: neqb_implicit is defined

Here A is implicitly generalized, and the resulting function is equivalent to the one above.

Parameterized instances¶

One can declare parameterized instances as in Haskell simply by giving the constraints as a binding context before the instance, e.g.:

Program Instance prod_eqb `(EA : EqDec A, EB : EqDec B) : EqDec (A * B) := { eqb x y := match x, y with | (la, ra), (lb, rb) => andb (eqb la lb) (eqb ra rb) end }.: prod_eqb has type-checked, generating 1 obligation Solving obligations automatically... 1 obligation remaining Obligation 1 of prod_eqb: (forall (A : Type) (EA : EqDec A) (B : Type) (EB : EqDec B) (x y : A * B), (fun x0 y0 : A * B => let program_branch_0 := fun (la : A) (ra : B) (lb : A) (rb : B) (_ : (la, ra) = x0) (_ : (lb, rb) = y0) => (eqb la lb && eqb ra rb)%bool in (let (la, ra) as y' return (y' = x0 -> y0 = y0 -> bool) := x0 in let (lb, rb) as x' return ((la, ra) = x0 -> x' = y0 -> bool) := y0 in program_branch_0 la ra lb rb) eq_refl eq_refl) x y = true -> x = y).

Admit Obligations.: prod_eqb_obligation_1 is declared No more obligations remaining prod_eqb is defined

These instances are used just as well as lemmas in the instance hint database.

Sections and contexts¶

To ease developments parameterized by many instances, one can use the Context command to introduce the parameters into the local context, which works similarly to the command Variable, except it accepts any binding context as an argument, so variables can be implicit, and Implicit generalization can be used. For example:

Section EqDec_defs.
Context `{EA : EqDec A}.: A is declared EA is declared

#[ global, program ] Instance option_eqb : EqDec (option A) := { eqb x y := match x, y with | Some x, Some y => eqb x y | None, None => true | _, _ => false end }.: option_eqb has type-checked, generating 3 obligations Solving obligations automatically... 3 obligations remaining Obligation 1 of option_eqb: (forall x y : option A, let program_branch_0 := fun (x0 y0 : A) (_ : Some x0 = x) (_ : Some y0 = y) => eqb x0 y0 in let program_branch_1 := fun (_ : None = x) (_ : None = y) => true in let program_branch_2 := fun (wildcard' wildcard'0 : option A) (_ : ~ (None = wildcard' /\ None = wildcard'0) /\ (forall x0 y0 : A, ~ (Some x0 = wildcard' /\ Some y0 = wildcard'0))) (_ : wildcard' = x) (_ : wildcard'0 = y) => false in forall a : A, let wildcard' := Some a in let wildcard'0 := None in ~ (None = wildcard' /\ None = wildcard'0) /\ (forall x0 y0 : A, ~ (Some x0 = wildcard' /\ Some y0 = wildcard'0))). Obligation 2 of option_eqb: (forall x y : option A, let program_branch_0 := fun (x0 y0 : A) (_ : Some x0 = x) (_ : Some y0 = y) => eqb x0 y0 in let program_branch_1 := fun (_ : None = x) (_ : None = y) => true in let program_branch_2 := fun (wildcard' wildcard'0 : option A) (_ : ~ (None = wildcard' /\ None = wildcard'0) /\ (forall x0 y0 : A, ~ (Some x0 = wildcard' /\ Some y0 = wildcard'0))) (_ : wildcard' = x) (_ : wildcard'0 = y) => false in let wildcard' := None in forall a : A, let wildcard'0 := Some a in ~ (None = wildcard' /\ None = wildcard'0) /\ (forall x0 y0 : A, ~ (Some x0 = wildcard' /\ Some y0 = wildcard'0))). Obligation 3 of option_eqb: (forall x y : option A, (fun x0 y0 : option A => let program_branch_0 := fun (x1 y1 : A) (_ : Some x1 = x0) (_ : Some y1 = y0) => eqb x1 y1 in let program_branch_1 := fun (_ : None = x0) (_ : None = y0) => true in let program_branch_2 := fun (wildcard' wildcard'0 : option A) (_ : ~ (None = wildcard' /\ None = wildcard'0) /\ (forall x1 y1 : A, ~ (Some x1 = wildcard' /\ Some y1 = wildcard'0))) (_ : wildcard' = x0) (_ : wildcard'0 = y0) => false in match x0 as y' return (y' = x0 -> y0 = y0 -> bool) with | Some x1 => match y0 as x' return (Some x1 = x0 -> x' = y0 -> bool) with | Some y1 => program_branch_0 x1 y1 | None => program_branch_2 (Some x1) None (option_eqb_obligation_1 x0 y0 x1) end | None => match y0 as x' return (None = x0 -> x' = y0 -> bool) with | Some a => program_branch_2 None (Some a) (option_eqb_obligation_2 x0 y0 a) | None => program_branch_1 end end eq_refl eq_refl) x y = true -> x = y).
Admit Obligations.: option_eqb_obligation_1 is declared 2 obligations remaining Solving obligations automatically... 2 obligations remaining option_eqb_obligation_2 is declared 1 obligation remaining Solving obligations automatically... 1 obligation remaining option_eqb_obligation_3 is declared No more obligations remaining option_eqb is defined

End EqDec_defs.
About option_eqb.: option_eqb : forall {A : Type}, EqDec A -> EqDec (option A) option_eqb is not universe polymorphic Arguments option_eqb {A}%type_scope {EA} option_eqb is transparent Expands to: Constant Top.option_eqb

Here the global attribute redeclares the instance at the end of the section, once it has been generalized by the context variables it uses.

Building hierarchies¶

Superclasses¶

One can also parameterize typeclasses by other typeclasses, generating a hierarchy of typeclasses and superclasses. In the same way, we give the superclasses as a binding context:

Class Ord `(E : EqDec A) := { le : A -> A -> bool }.: Ord is defined le is defined

Contrary to Haskell, we have no special syntax for superclasses, but this declaration is equivalent to:

Class `(E : EqDec A) => Ord A := { le : A -> A -> bool }.

This declaration means that any instance of the Ord typeclass must have an instance of EqDec. The parameters of the subclass contain at least all the parameters of its superclasses in their order of appearance (here A is the only one). As we have seen, Ord is encoded as a record type with two parameters: a type A and an E of type EqDec A. However, one can still use it as if it had a single parameter inside generalizing binders: the generalization of superclasses will be done automatically.

Definition le_eqb `{Ord A} (x y : A) := andb (le x y) (le y x).: le_eqb is defined

To specify sharing of structures, you may want to explicitly specify the superclasses. You can do this directly in regular binders, and with the ! modifier before typeclass binders. For example:

Definition lt `{eqa : EqDec A, !Ord eqa} (x y : A) := andb (le x y) (neqb x y).: lt is defined

The ! modifier switches how Coq interprets a binder. In particular, it uses the implicit arguments mechanism if available, as shown in the example.

Substructures¶

Substructures are components of a typeclass which are themselves instances of a typeclass. They often arise when using typeclasses for logical properties, e.g.:

Require Import Relation_Definitions.

Class Reflexive (A : Type) (R : relation A) := reflexivity : forall x, R x x.
Class Transitive (A : Type) (R : relation A) := transitivity : forall x y z, R x y -> R y z -> R x z.

This declares singleton typeclasses for reflexive and transitive relations, (see the singleton class variant for an explanation). These may be used as parts of other typeclasses:

Class PreOrder (A : Type) (R : relation A) := { PreOrder_Reflexive :: Reflexive A R ; PreOrder_Transitive :: Transitive A R }.: PreOrder is defined PreOrder_Reflexive is defined PreOrder_Transitive is defined

The syntax :: indicates that each PreOrder can be seen as a Reflexive relation. So each time a reflexive relation is needed, a preorder can be used instead. This is very similar to the coercion mechanism of Structure declarations. The implementation simply declares each projection as an instance.

One can also declare existing objects or structure projections using the Existing Instance command to achieve the same effect.

Command summary¶

Command Class record_definition¶

Command Class ident_decl binder* : sort? := constructor

The first form declares a record and makes the record a typeclass with parameters binder* and the listed record fields.

The second form declares a singleton typeclass with a single projection. This singleton typeclass is a so-called definitional typeclass, represented simply as a definition ident binders := term and whose instances are themselves objects of this type.

Definitional typeclasses are not wrapped inside records, and the trivial projection of an instance of such a typeclass is convertible to the instance itself. This can be useful to make instances of existing objects easily and to reduce proof size by not inserting useless trivial projections. The typeclass constant itself is declared rigid during resolution so that the typeclass abstraction is maintained.

The > in record_definition currently does nothing. In a future version, it will create coercions as it does when used in Record commands.

Like any command declaring a record, this command supports the universes(polymorphic), universes(template), universes(cumulative) and private(matching) attributes.

Note

Don't confuse typeclasses with "coercion classes", described in implicit coercions<classes-implicit-coercions>.

When record syntax is used, this command also supports the projections(primitive) attribute.

Command Existing Class qualid¶

Declares a typeclass from a previously declared constant or inductive definition. No methods or instances are defined.

Warning ident is already declared as a typeclass¶: This command has no effect when used on a typeclass.

Warning A coercion will be introduced instead of an instance in future versions when using ':>' in 'Class' declarations. Replace ':>' with '::' (or use '#[global] Existing Instance field.' for compatibility with Coq < 8.17).¶

In future versions, :> in the record_definition or constructor will declare a coercion, as it does for other Record commands. To eliminate the warning, use :: instead.

Warning Ignored instance declaration for “ident”: “term” is not a class¶

Using the :: (or deprecated :>) syntax in the record_definition or constructor with a right-hand-side that is not itself a Class has no effect (apart from emitting this warning).

Command Instance ident_decl binder*? : type hint_info? := { field_val* }:= term?¶

Declares a typeclass instance named ident_decl of the typeclass type with the specified parameters and with fields defined by field_val, where each field must be a declared field of the typeclass.

Adds one or more binders to declare a parameterized instance. hint_info may be used to specify the hint priority. If the priority is not specified, the default is the number of non-dependent binders of the instance. If one_pattern is given, terms matching that pattern will trigger use of the instance. Otherwise, use is triggered based on the conclusion of the type.

This command supports the local, global and export locality attributes.

Changed in version 8.18: The default value for instance locality outside sections is now export. It used to be global.

Like Definition, it also supports the program attribute to switch the type checking to Program (chapter Program) and to use the obligation mechanism to manage missing fields.

Finally, it supports the lighter refine attribute:

Attribute refine¶: This attribute can be used to leave holes or not provide all fields in the definition of an instance and open the tactic mode to fill them. It works exactly as if no body had been given and the refine tactic has been used first.

Command Declare Instance ident_decl binder* : term hint_info?¶: In a Module Type, declares that a corresponding concrete instance should exist in any implementation of this Module Type. This is similar to the distinction between Parameter vs. Definition, or between Declare Module and Module.

Command Existing Instance qualid hint_info?¶
Command Existing Instances qualid+ | natural?¶: Adds a constant whose type ends with an applied typeclass to the instance database with an optional priority natural. It can be used for redeclaring instances at the end of sections, or declaring structure projections as instances. This is equivalent to Hint Resolve ident : typeclass_instances, except it registers instances for Print Instances.

Command Print Instances reference¶: Shows the list of instances associated with the typeclass reference.

Command Print Typeclasses¶: Shows the list of declared typeclasses.

Tactic typeclasses eauto bfsdfsbest_effort? nat_or_var? with ident+?¶

This proof search tactic uses the resolution engine that is run implicitly during type checking, known as typeclass search. This tactic uses a different resolution engine than eauto and auto. The main differences are the following:

Unlike eauto and auto, the resolution is done entirely in the proof engine, meaning that backtracking is available among dependent subgoals, and shelving goals is supported. typeclasses eauto is a multi-goal tactic. It analyses the dependencies between subgoals to avoid backtracking on subgoals that are entirely independent.
The transparency information of databases is used consistently for all hints declared in them. It is always used when calling the unifier. When considering local hypotheses, we use the transparent state of the first hint database given. Using an empty database (created with Create HintDb for example) with unfoldable variables and constants as the first argument of typeclasses eauto hence makes resolution with the local hypotheses use full conversion during unification.
The mode hints (see Hint Mode) associated with a typeclass are taken into account by typeclasses eauto. When a goal does not match any of the declared modes for its head (if any), instead of failing like eauto, the goal is suspended and resolution proceeds on the remaining goals. If after one run of resolution, there remain suspended goals, resolution is launched against on them, until it reaches a fixed point when the set of remaining suspended goals does not change. Using solve [typeclasses eauto] can be used to ensure that no suspended goals remain.
When considering local hypotheses, we use the union of all the modes declared in the given databases.
The tactic may produce more than one success when used in backtracking tactics such as typeclasses eauto; .... See ltac-seq.
Use the Typeclasses eauto command to customize the behavior of this tactic.

bfsdfs: Specifies whether to use breadth-first search or depth-first search. The default is depth-first search, which can be changed with the Typeclasses Iterative Deepening flag.

best_effort

If the best_effort option is given and resolution fails, typeclasses eauto returns the first partial solution in which all remaining subgoals fall into one of these categories:

Stuck goals: the head of the goal has at least one associated declared mode and the constraint does not match any mode declared for its head. These goals are shelved.
Mode failures: the head of the constraint has at least one matching declared mode, but the constraint couldn't be solved. These goals are left as subgoals of typeclasses eauto best_effort.

During type inference, typeclass resolution always uses the best_effort option: in case of failure, it constructs a partial solution for the goals and gives a more informative error message. It can be used the same way in interactive proofs to check which instances/hints are missing for a typeclass resolution to succeed.

nat_or_var

Specifies the maximum depth of the search.

Warning

The semantics for the limit nat_or_var are different than for auto. By default, if no limit is given, the search is unbounded. Unlike auto, introduction steps count against the limit, which might result in larger limits being necessary when searching with typeclasses eauto than with auto.

with ident+

Runs resolution with the specified hint databases. It treats typeclass subgoals the same as other subgoals (no shelving of non-typeclass goals in particular), while allowing shelved goals to remain at any point during search.

When with is not specified, typeclasses eauto uses the typeclass_instances database by default (instead of core). Dependent subgoals are automatically shelved, and shelved goals can remain after resolution ends (following the behavior of Coq 8.5).

Note

all:once (typeclasses eauto) faithfully mimics what happens during typeclass resolution when it is called during refinement/type inference, except that only declared typeclass subgoals are considered at the start of resolution during type inference, while all can select non-typeclass subgoals as well. It might move to all:typeclasses eauto in future versions when the refinement engine will be able to backtrack.

Tactic autoapply one_term with ident¶: The tactic autoapply applies one_term using the transparency information of the hint database ident, and does no typeclass resolution. This can be used in Hint Extern’s for typeclass instances (in the hint database typeclass_instances) to allow backtracking on the typeclass subgoals created by the lemma application, rather than doing typeclass resolution locally at the hint application time.

Typeclasses Transparent, Typeclasses Opaque¶

Command Typeclasses Transparent qualid+¶: Makes qualid transparent during typeclass resolution. A shortcut for Hint Transparent qualid+ : typeclass_instances

Command Typeclasses Opaque qualid+¶

Make qualid opaque for typeclass search. A shortcut for Hint Opaque qualid+ : typeclass_instances.

It is useful when some constants prevent some unifications and make resolution fail. It is also useful to declare constants which should never be unfolded during proof search, like fixpoints or anything which does not look like an abbreviation. This can additionally speed up proof search as the typeclass map can be indexed by such rigid constants (see Hint databases).

By default, all constants and local variables are considered transparent. One should take care not to make opaque any constant that is used to abbreviate a type, like:

Definition relation A := A -> A -> Prop.

New in version 8.15: Typeclasses Transparent and Typeclasses Opaque support locality attributes like Hint commands.

Deprecated since version 8.15: The default value for typeclass transparency hints will change in a future release. Hints added outside of sections without an explicit locality are now deprecated. We recommend using export where possible.

Settings¶

Flag Typeclasses Dependency Order¶: This flag (off by default) respects the dependency order between subgoals, meaning that subgoals on which other subgoals depend come first, while the non-dependent subgoals were put before the dependent ones previously (Coq 8.5 and below). This can result in quite different performance behaviors of proof search.

Flag Typeclasses Limit Intros¶: This flag (on by default) controls the ability to apply hints while avoiding (functional) eta-expansions in the generated proof term. It does so by allowing hints that conclude in a product to apply to a goal with a matching product directly, avoiding an introduction.

Warning

This can be expensive as it requires rebuilding hint clauses dynamically, and does not benefit from the invertibility status of the product introduction rule, resulting in potentially more expensive proof search (i.e. more useless backtracking).

Flag Typeclass Resolution For Conversion¶: This flag (on by default) controls the use of typeclass resolution when a unification problem cannot be solved during elaboration/type inference. With this flag on, when a unification fails, typeclass resolution is tried before launching unification once again.

Flag Typeclasses Strict Resolution¶: Typeclass declarations introduced when this flag is set have a stricter resolution behavior (the flag is off by default). When looking for unifications of a goal with an instance of this typeclass, we “freeze” all the existentials appearing in the goals, meaning that they are considered rigid during unification and cannot be instantiated.

Flag Typeclasses Unique Solutions¶: When a typeclass resolution is launched we ensure that it has a single solution or fail. This flag ensures that the resolution is canonical, but can make proof search much more expensive.

Flag Typeclasses Unique Instances¶: Typeclass declarations introduced when this flag is set have a more efficient resolution behavior (the flag is off by default). When a solution to the typeclass goal of this typeclass is found, we never backtrack on it, assuming that it is canonical.

Flag Typeclasses Iterative Deepening¶: When this flag is set, the proof search strategy is breadth-first search. Otherwise, the search strategy is depth-first search. The default is off. Typeclasses eauto is another way to set this flag.

Option Typeclasses Depth natural¶: This option sets the maximum proof search depth. The default is unbounded. Typeclasses eauto is another way to set this option.

Flag Typeclasses Debug¶: Controls whether typeclass resolution steps are shown during search. Setting this flag also sets Typeclasses Debug Verbosity to 1. Typeclasses eauto is another way to set this flag.

Option Typeclasses Debug Verbosity natural¶: Determines how much information is shown for typeclass resolution steps during search. 1 is the default level. 2 shows additional information such as tried tactics and shelving of goals. Setting this option to 1 or 2 turns on the Typeclasses Debug flag; setting this option to 0 turns that flag off.

Typeclasses eauto¶

Command Typeclasses eauto := debug? ( bfsdfs )? natural?¶

Allows more global customization of the typeclasses eauto tactic. The options are:

debug: Sets debug mode. In debug mode, a trace of successfully applied tactics is printed. Debug mode can also be set with Typeclasses Debug.
bfsdfs: Specifies whether to use breadth-first search or depth-first search. The default is depth-first search, which can be changed with the Typeclasses Iterative Deepening flag.
natural: Sets the depth limit for the search. The limit can also be set with Typeclasses Depth.